Fluids with quenched disorder: Scaling of the free energy barrier near critical points

TL;DR

This paper investigates how the free energy barrier scales near critical points in fluids with quenched disorder, confirming the expected scaling behavior and linking these fluids to the random-field Ising model universality class.

Contribution

It demonstrates that the free energy barrier scales as a power law with system size in fluids with quenched disorder, supporting their classification within the random-field Ising universality class.

Findings

Scaling of $ ext{ΔF}_L$ confirms the predicted power-law behavior.

Simulation results support the universality class hypothesis.

Quenched disorder affects critical scaling in fluids.

Abstract

In the context of Monte Carlo simulations, the analysis of the probability distribution $P_L(m)$ of the order parameter $m$, as obtained in simulation boxes of finite linear extension $L$, allows for an easy estimation of the location of the critical point and the critical exponents. For Ising-like systems without quenched disorder, $P_L(m)$ becomes scale invariant at the critical point, where it assumes a characteristic bimodal shape featuring two overlapping peaks. In particular, the ratio between the value of $P_L(m)$ at the peaks ($P_{L, max}$) and the value at the minimum in-between ($P_{L, min}$) becomes $L$-independent at criticality. However, for Ising-like systems with quenched random fields, we argue that instead $\Delta F_L := \ln (P_{L, max} / P_{L, min}) \propto L^\theta$ should be observed, where $\theta>0$ is the "violation of hyperscaling" exponent. Since $\theta$ is substantially non-zero, the scaling of $\Delta F_L$ with system size should be easily detectable in simulations. For two fluid models with quenched disorder, $\Delta F_L$ versus $L$ was measured, and the expected scaling was confirmed. This provides further evidence that fluids with quenched disorder belong to the universality class of the random-field Ising model.