Atoms can be divided into three categories: polar, non-polar and hydrogen atom

TL;DR

This paper challenges the traditional view that atoms lack permanent electric dipole moments, classifying atoms into polar, non-polar, and hydrogen categories based on experimental measurements of EDM.

Contribution

It presents experimental evidence that atoms can be categorized into three types, revealing that alkali atoms are polar and hydrogen's polarity depends on its energy state, which is a novel classification.

Findings

Alkali atoms are polar with measurable EDMs.

Most atoms are non-polar, except alkali and hydrogen.

Hydrogen's polarity varies between ground and excited states.

Abstract

Since the time of Rutherford 1911) physicists and chemists commonly believed that with no electric field, the nucleus of an atom is at the centre of the electron cloud, atoms do not have permanent electric dipole moment (EDM), so that there is no polar atom in nature. In the fact, the idea is untested hypothesis. After ten years of intense research, our experiments showed that atoms can be divided into three categories: polar, non-polar and hydrogen atom. Alkali atoms are all polar atoms. The EDM of a Sodium, Potassium, Rubidium and Cesium atom in the ground state have been obtained as follows: d(Na)=1.28*10 to-8 power e.cm; d(K)=1.58*10 to-8 power e.cm; d(Rb)=1.70 *10 to-8 power e.cm; d(Cs)=1.86*10 to-8 power e.cm. All kind of atoms are non-polar atoms except for alkali and hydrogen atoms. Hydrogen atom is quite distinct from the others. The ground state in hydrogen is non-polar atom(d=0) but the excited state is polar atom, for example, the first excited state has a large EDM: d(H)=3ea=1.59*10 to-8 power e.cm (a is Bohr radius).