Precipitation in aqueous mixtures with addition of strongly hydrophilic or hydrophobic solute

TL;DR

This paper investigates how preferential solvation causes phase separation in aqueous mixtures with hydrophilic or hydrophobic solutes, leading to precipitation, nucleation, and wetting phenomena near critical conditions.

Contribution

It provides a theoretical analysis of precipitation mechanisms and phase behavior in aqueous mixtures influenced by strongly hydrophilic or hydrophobic solutes, including nucleation and wetting transitions.

Findings

Precipitation occurs above a critical solute density or interaction parameter.

Precipitated domains vanish as solute density or interaction strength decrease.

Wetting layers form around colloids during heterogeneous nucleation.

Abstract

We examine phase separation in aqueous mixtures due to preferential solvation with a low-density solute (hydrophilic ions or hydrophobic particles). For hydrophilic ions, preferential solvation can stabilize water domains enriched with ions. This precipitation occurs in wide ranges of the temperature and the average composition above a critical solute density $n_p$, where the mixture solvent would be in a one-phase state without solute. The volume fraction of precipitated domains tends to zero as the average solute density $\bar n$ is decreased to $n_p$ or as the interaction parameter $\chi$ is decreased to a critical value $\chi_p$. If we start with one-phase states with ${\bar n}>n_p$ or $\chi>\chi_p$, precipitation proceeds via homogeneous nucleation or via heterogeneous nucleation, for example, around suspended colloids. In the latter case, colliod particles are wrapped by thick wetting layers. We also predict a first-order prewetting transition for $\bar n$ or $\chi$ slightly below $n_p$ or $\chi_p$.