Density and Temperature of Fermions from Quantum Fluctuations

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new quantum fluctuation-based method to accurately determine the density and temperature of fermionic systems, especially relevant at low temperatures near phase transitions, improving upon classical approaches.

Contribution

The paper presents a novel approach using quantum fluctuations to measure fermion system properties, applicable to both infinite and finite systems, with validation in heavy ion collision simulations.

Findings

Quantum fluctuation relations derived for quadrupole and multiplicity fluctuations.

Systematic difference showing quantum temperatures are lower than classical estimates.

Potential to improve understanding of the Equation of State near phase transitions.

Abstract

A novel method to determine the density and temperature of a system is proposed based on quantum fluctuations typical of Fermions in the limit where the reached temperature T is small compared to the Fermi energy $\epsilon_f$ at a given density $\rho$. Quadrupole and particle multiplicity fluctuations relations are derived in terms of $\frac{T}{\epsilon_f}$. This method is valid for infinite and finite fermionic systems, in particular we apply it to heavy ion collisions using the Constrained Molecular Dynamics (CoMD) approach which includes the Fermi statistics. A preliminary comparison to available experimental data is discussed as well. We stress the differences with methods based on classical approximations. The derived 'quantum' temperatures are systematically lower than the corresponding 'classical' ones. With the proposed method we may get important informations on the Equation of State (EOS) of quantum Fermi systems to order O($\frac{T}{\epsilon_f})^3$, in particular near the Liquid-Gas (LG) phase transition and at very low densities where quantum effects are dominant.