The spots on Ap stars

TL;DR

This paper reviews the current understanding of chemical spots on Ap stars, their magnetic field relations, recent 3-D structure studies, and discusses the mysterious spots on HgMn stars.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive overview of recent advances in mapping magnetic fields and chemical spots on Ap stars and explores the unexplained spots on HgMn stars.

Findings

Recent 3-D chemical spot structure studies

Magnetic field mapping via Stokes vector spectropolarimetry

Unclear mechanisms behind HgMn star spots

Abstract

The upper main sequence magnetic chemically peculiar (Ap) stars exhibit a non-uniform distribution of chemical elements across their surfaces and with height in their atmospheres. These inhomogeneities, responsible for the conspicuous photometric and spectroscopic variation of Ap stars, are believed to be produced by atomic diffusion operating in the stellar atmospheres stabilized by multi-kG magnetic fields. Here I present an overview of the current state-of-the-art in understanding Ap-star spots and their relation to magnetic fields. In particular, I highlight recent 3-D chemical spot structure studies and summarize magnetic field mapping results based on the inversion of the full Stokes vector spectropolarimetric observations. I also discuss a puzzling new type of spotted stars, HgMn stars, in which the formation and evolution of heavy element spots is driven by a poorly understood mechanism, apparently unrelated to magnetic fields.