Improving Galactic Center Astrometry by Reducing the Effects of Geometric Distortion

TL;DR

This paper enhances the accuracy of Galactic Center astrometry by developing a new on-sky geometric distortion model for the Keck II telescope's NIRC2 camera, significantly improving proper motion measurements and reference frame stability.

Contribution

It introduces a novel on-sky derived geometric distortion model for NIRC2, improving astrometric precision and stability in Galactic Center observations.

Findings

Residuals reduced by a factor of ~3 with the new distortion model

Infrared reference frame accuracy improved by 2-3 times

Sgr A* localized to within 0.6 mas and 0.09 mas/yr

Abstract

We present significantly improved proper motion measurements of the Milky Way's central stellar cluster. These improvements are made possible by refining our astrometric reference frame with a new geometric optical distortion model for the W. M. Keck II 10 m telescope's Adaptive Optics camera (NIRC2) in its narrow field mode. For the first time, this distortion model is constructed from on-sky measurements, and is made available to the public. When applied to widely dithered images, it produces residuals in the separations of stars that are a factor of ~3 smaller compared to the outcome using previous models. By applying this new model, along with corrections for differential atmospheric refraction, to widely dithered images of SiO masers at the Galactic center, we improve our ability to tie into the precisely measured radio Sgr A*-rest frame. The resulting infrared reference frame is ~2-3 times more accurate and stable than earlier published efforts. In this reference frame, Sgr A* is localized to within a position of 0.6 mas and a velocity of 0.09 mas/yr, or ~3.4 km/s at 8 kpc (1 sigma). While earlier proper motion studies defined a reference frame by assuming no net motion of the stellar cluster, this approach is fundamentally limited by the cluster's intrinsic dispersion and therefore will not improve with time. We define a reference frame with SiO masers and this reference frame's stability should improve steadily with future measurements of the SiO masers in this region. This is essential for achieving the necessary reference frame stability required to detect the effects of general relativity and extended mass on short-period stars at the Galactic center.