TL;DR
This paper studies a specific type of Q-balls in a (3+1)-dimensional model, highlighting their stabilization mechanism and the unique scalar charge they carry, which extends the understanding of non-topological solitons.
Contribution
It introduces and analyzes Friedberg-Lee-Sirlin Q-balls with scalar charge in models with vanishing or finite scalar potential regions, revealing new stabilization features.
Findings
Q-balls are stabilized by gradient energy of a scalar field.
They carry a scalar charge beyond the global charge.
Scalar charge persists even with non-vanishing scalar potential near the origin.
Abstract
We consider Friedberg-Lee-Sirlin Q-balls in a (3+1)-dimensional model with vanishing scalar potential of one of the fields. The Q-ball is stabilized by the gradient energy of this field and carries scalar charge, over and beyond the global charge. The latter property is inherent also in a model with the scalar potential that does not vanish in some finite field region near the origin.
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