Mean values of local operators in highly excited Bethe states

TL;DR

This paper develops a form factor expansion for expectation values of local operators in large Bethe states of integrable models, deriving key formulas and applying them to quantum field theories, the 1D Bose gas, and quantum quenches.

Contribution

It introduces a general form factor expansion for mean values in Bethe states, extending the LeClair-Mussardo formula to various integrable models and scenarios.

Findings

Derived the LeClair-Mussardo formula for finite temperature one-point functions.

Established the formula for the non-relativistic 1D Bose gas using Algebraic Bethe Ansatz.

Connected long-time limits of quenched states to generalized eigenstate thermalization.

Abstract

We consider expectation values of local operators in (continuum) integrable models in a situation when the mean value is calculated in a single Bethe state with a large number of particles. We develop a form factor expansion for the thermodynamic limit of the mean value, which applies whenever the distribution of Bethe roots is given by smooth density functions. We present three applications of our general result: i) In the framework of integrable Quantum Field Theory (IQFT) we present a derivation of the LeClair-Mussardo formula for finite temperature one-point functions. We also extend the results to boundary operators in Boundary Field Theories. ii) We establish the LeClair-Mussardo formula for the non-relativistic 1D Bose gas in the framework of Algebraic Bethe Ansatz (ABA). This way we obtain an alternative derivation of the results of Kormos et. al. for the (temperature dependent) local correlations using only the concepts of ABA. iii) In IQFT we consider the long-time limit of one-point functions after a certain type of global quench. It is shown that our general results imply the integral series found by Fioretti and Mussardo. We also discuss the generalized Eigenstate Thermalization hypothesis in the context of quantum quenches in integrable models. It is shown that a single mean value always takes the form of a thermodynamic average in a Generalized Gibbs Ensemble, although the relation to the conserved charges is rather indirect.