A theoretically-explained new-variant of Modified-Newtonian-Dynamics (MOND)

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new theoretically-supported variant of Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND) that incorporates dark-energy effects to better explain galaxy rotation curves without dark matter.

Contribution

It proposes a novel MOND variant with a theoretical basis, integrating dark-energy considerations into the acceleration modification.

Findings

Successfully explains flat galaxy rotation curves

Predicts a dip in the velocity curve

Aligns qualitatively with observed galactic dynamics

Abstract

It is surprising that we hardly know only 5% of the universe. Rest of the universe is made up of 70% of dark-energy and 25% of dark-matter. Dark-energy is responsible for acceleration of the expanding universe; whereas dark-matter is said to be necessary as extra-mass of bizarre-properties to explain the anomalous rotational-velocity of galaxy. Though the existence of dark-energy has gradually been accepted in scientific community, but the candidates for dark-matter have not been found as yet and are too crazy to be accepted. Thus, it is obvious to look for an alternative theory in place of dark-matter. Israel-scientist M. Milgrom has suggested a 'Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND)' which appears to be highly successful for explaining the anomalous rotational-velocity. But unfortunately MOND lacks theoretical support. The MOND, in-fact, is (empirical) modification of Newtonian-Dynamics through modification in the kinematical acceleration term 'a' (which is normally taken as $a=\frac{v^{2}}{r}$) as effective kinematic acceleration $a_{effective} = a \mu (\frac{a}{a_{0}})$, wherein the $\mu$-function is 1 for usual-values of accelerations but equals to $\frac{a}{a_{0}} (\ll 1)$ if the acceleration 'a' is extremely-low lower than a critical value $a_0 (10^{-10} m/s^{2})$. In the present paper, a novel variant of MOND is proposed with theoretical backing; wherein with the consideration of universe's acceleration $a_{d}$ due to dark-energy, a new type of $\mu$-function on theoretical-basis emerges out leading to $a_{effective} = a(1 - K \frac{a_{0}}{a})$. The proposed theoretical-MOND model too is able to fairly explain qualitatively the more-or-less 'flat' velocity-curve of galaxy-rotation, and is also able to predict a dip (minimum) on the curve.