Constraining the hard X-ray properties of the quiet Sun with new RHESSI observations

TL;DR

This study uses new RHESSI observations to set stringent upper limits on quiet Sun hard X-ray emissions, constraining models of cosmic rays, axions, nanoflares, and coronal heating mechanisms.

Contribution

It provides the deepest upper limits to date on quiet Sun hard X-ray emission, refining constraints on physical processes like nanoflares and axion production.

Findings

Limits on nonthermal nanoflare heating are very restrictive.

Constraints on axion and cosmic-ray induced X-ray emissions.

Upper bounds on coronal thermal and nonthermal models.

Abstract

We present new RHESSI upper limits in the 3-200 keV energy range for solar hard X-ray emission in the absence of flares and active regions, i.e. the quiet Sun, using data obtained between July 2005 and April 2009. These new limits, substantially deeper than any previous ones, constrain several physical processes that could produce hard X-ray emission. These include cosmic-ray effects and the generation of axions within the solar core. The data also limit the properties of "nanoflares", a leading candidate to explain coronal heating. We find it unlikely for nanoflares involving nonthermal effects to heat the corona because such events would require a steep electron spectrum E^{-\delta} with index \delta > 5 extending to very low energies (<1 keV), into the thermal energy range. We also use the limits to constrain the parameter space of an isothermal model and coronal thin-target emission models (powerlaw and kappa distributions)