Challenging times: a re-analysis of NGC 5408 X-1

TL;DR

This paper re-analyzes the ULX NGC 5408 X-1, challenging previous IMBH interpretations by examining spectral and timing data, and suggests it is a super-Eddington stellar-mass black hole with a different QPO nature.

Contribution

It provides a new interpretation of NGC 5408 X-1 as a super-Eddington stellar-mass black hole, contradicting earlier IMBH assumptions based on spectral and timing analysis.

Findings

The power spectral break is inconsistent with previous QPO identification.

Energy spectra are better fit by a super-Eddington model rather than an IMBH.

Variability patterns support a super-Eddington state similar to GRS 1915+105.

Abstract

The ultraluminous X-ray source (ULX), NGC 5408 X-1, is one of only 3 such objects to show a quasi-periodic oscillation (QPO) in its power spectrum. Previous analysis of this signal identified it with the well-studied type C low-frequency QPO (LFQPO) seen in black hole binaries (BHBs), implying an intermediate mass black hole (IMBH). However, in BHBs this QPO has a centroid frequency which scales tightly with the position of the low-frequency break in the broad band power spectrum. We use this relation to predict the frequency of the power spectral break in NGC 5408 X-1, and show that this is inconsistent with the break frequencies in both available, archival XMM-Newton observations. Thus the broad band power spectral shape does not support this identification of the QPO. The energy spectra also do not support an IMBH interpretation. They can be fit by a two-component model, best described by soft thermal emission at low energies, together with low-temperature, optically thick Comptonisation producing a tail which dominates above 2 keV. The parameters of the tail are unlike those seen in any of the sub-Eddington BHB spectral states. The energy dependent variability supports this deconvolution, as it is consistent with the soft thermal component below 2 keV diluting extreme variability of the high energy tail. The only objects with similar spectra which have similar amounts of variability are the BHB, GRS 1915+105, and some extreme NLS1s. This suggests that NGC 5408 X-1 is in a similar super-Eddington state, placing a natural limit on the mass of < 100 solar masses. Its QPO could then be similar to the ultra-LFQPO seen occasionally in GRS 1915+105, consistent with a large stellar mass black hole. We suggest a model geometry which may explain the spectra and variability of highly super-Eddington sources.