Abundances of Galactic Anticenter Planetary Nebulae and the Oxygen Abundance Gradient in the Galactic Disk

TL;DR

This study analyzes spectrophotometric data of 124 Galactic anticenter planetary nebulae to determine the oxygen abundance gradient across the Milky Way disk, providing insights into galactic chemical evolution.

Contribution

It presents a homogeneous analysis of planetary nebulae abundances and refines the measurement of the oxygen abundance gradient in the Galactic disk.

Findings

The oxygen gradient is approximately 0.058 dex/kpc.

No significant difference in gradient between Peimbert Types I and II.

The gradient may steepen at larger galactocentric distances.

Abstract

We have obtained spectrophotometric observations of 41 anticenter planetary nebulae (PNe) located in the disk of the Milky Way. Electron temperatures and densities, as well as chemical abundances for He, N, O, Ne, S, Cl, and Ar were determined. Incorporating these results into our existing database of PN abundances yielded a sample of 124 well-observed objects with homogeneously-determined abundances extending from 0.9-21 kpc in galactocentric distance. We performed a detailed regression analysis which accounted for uncertainties in both oxygen abundances and radial distances in order to establish the metallicity gradient across the disk to be: 12+log(O/H)=(9.09+/-.05) - (0.058+/-.006) x Rg, with Rg in kpc. While we see some evidence that the gradient steepens at large galactocentric distances, more objects toward the anticenter need to be observed in order to confidently establish the true form of the metallicity gradient. We find no compelling evidence that the gradient differs between Peimbert Types I and II, nor is oxygen abundance related to the vertical distance from the galactic plane. Our gradient agrees well with analogous results for H II regions but is steeper than the one recently published by Stanghellini & Haywood (2010) over a similar range in galactocentric distance. A second analysis using PN distances from a different source implied a flatter gradient, and we suggest that we have reached a confusion limit which can only be resolved with greatly improved distance measurements and an understanding of the natural scatter in oxygen abundances. Finally, a consideration of recently published chemical evolution models of the Galactic disk suggests that reconciling the current range in published oxygen gradients is necessary for adequately constraining parameters such as the surface density threshold for star formation and the characteristic timescale for disk formation.