Evidence from the asteroid belt for a violent past evolution of Jupiter's orbit

TL;DR

The paper investigates how the current structure of the asteroid belt constrains the violent past evolution of Jupiter's orbit, suggesting rapid planet-planet encounters played a key role in its history.

Contribution

It demonstrates that a rapid, jump-like migration of Jupiter and Saturn, involving planet-planet encounters, aligns with the asteroid belt's current orbital structure, unlike slow migration models.

Findings

Rapid Jupiter-Saturn migration is compatible with asteroid belt structure.

Slow, exponential migration models are inconsistent with observed asteroid orbits.

Pre-migration asteroid belt had similar mass and excitation as today.

Abstract

We use the current orbital structure of large (>50km) asteroids in the main asteroid belt to constrain the evolution of the giant planets when they migrated from their primordial orbits to their current ones. Minton & Malhotra (2009) showed that the orbital distribution of large asteroids in the main belt can be reproduced by an exponentially-decaying migration of the giant planets on a time scale of tau ~ 0.5My. However, self-consistent numerical simulations show that the planetesimal-driven migration of the giant planets is inconsistent with an exponential change in their semi major axes on such a short time scale (Hahn & Malhotra, 1999). In fact, the typical time scale is tau > 5My. When giant planet migration on this time scale is applied to the asteroid belt, the resulting orbital distribution is incompatible with the observed one. However, the planet migration can be significantly sped up by planet-planet encounters. Consider an evolution where both Jupiter and Saturn have close encounters with a Neptune-mass planet (presumably Uranus or Neptune themselves) and where this third planet, after being scattered inwards by Saturn, is scattered outwards by Jupiter. This scenario leads to a very rapid increase in the orbital separation between Jupiter and Saturn that we show here to have only mild effects on the structure of asteroid belt. This type of evolution is called a jumping-Jupiter case. Our results suggest that the total mass and dynamical excitation of the asteroid belt before migration were comparable to those currently observed. Moreover, they imply that, before migration, the orbits of Jupiter and Saturn were much less eccentric than the current ones.