Effect of episodic accretion on the structure and the lithium depletion of low-mass stars and planet-hosting stars

TL;DR

Episodic accretion events significantly influence the internal structure and lithium depletion in low-mass and planet-hosting stars, challenging traditional age and membership assessments based on lithium abundance.

Contribution

This study demonstrates how burst accretion episodes affect stellar evolution, lithium depletion, and the interpretation of stellar ages and cluster membership.

Findings

Episodic accretion increases central temperatures and lithium depletion.

Lithium abundance is unreliable for age and membership determination.

Accretion bursts can alter convective envelope masses in young stars.

Abstract

Following up our recent analysis devoted to the impact of non steady accretion on the location of young low-mass stars or brown dwarfs in the Herzsprung-Russell diagram, we perform a detailed analysis devoted to the effect of burst accretion on the internal structure of low-mass and solar type stars. We find that episodic accretion can produce objects with significantly higher central temperatures than the ones of the non accreting counterparts of same mass and age. As a consequence, lithium depletion can be severely enhanced in these objects. This provides a natural explanation for the unexpected level of lithium depletion observed in young objects for the inferred age of their parent cluster. These results confirm the limited reliability of lithium abundance as a criterion for assessing or rejecting cluster membership. They also show that lithium is not a reliable age indicator, because its fate strongly depends on the past accretion history of the star. Under the assumption that giant planets primarily form in massive disks prone to gravitational instability and thus to accretion burst episodes, the same analysis also explains the higher Li depletion observed in planet hosting stars. At last, we show that, depending on the burst rate and intensity, accretion outbursts can produce solar mass stars with lower convective envelope masses, at ages less than a few tens of Myr, than predicted by standard (non or slowly accreting) pre-main sequence models. This result has interesting, although speculative, implications for the recently discovered depletion of refractory elements in the Sun.