The laminar generalized Stokes layer and turbulent drag reduction

TL;DR

This paper introduces the generalized Stokes layer for wall-driven spanwise waves in channel flow, analyzing its effects on laminar and turbulent regimes and its role in turbulent drag reduction.

Contribution

It extends the classical oscillating Stokes layer to a generalized form applicable to turbulent flows, providing a new analytical tool for drag reduction analysis.

Findings

The generalized Stokes layer accurately models turbulent spanwise flow under certain conditions.

Drag reduction scales with the Stokes layer thickness.

A classification of flow regimes based on wave parameters and turbulence scales.

Abstract

This paper considers plane channel flow modified by waves of spanwise velocity applied at the wall and travelling along the streamwise direction. Laminar and turbulent regimes for the streamwise flow are both studied. When the streamwise flow is laminar, it is unaffected by the spanwise flow induced by the waves. This flow is a thin, unsteady and streamwise-modulated boundary layer that can be expressed in terms of the Airy function of the first kind. We name it the generalized Stokes layer because it reduces to the classical oscillating Stokes layer in the limit of infinite wave speed. When the streamwise flow is turbulent, the laminar generalized Stokes layer solution describes well the space-averaged turbulent spanwise flow, provided that the phase speed of the waves is sufficiently different from the turbulent convection velocity, and that the time scale of the forcing is smaller than the life time of the near-wall turbulent structures. Under these conditions, the drag reduction is found to scale with the Stokes layer thickness, which renders the laminar solution instrumental for the analysis of the turbulent flow. A classification of the turbulent flow regimes induced by the waves is presented by comparing parameters related to the forcing conditions with the space and time scales of the turbulent flow.