Guiding-center polarization and magnetization effects in gyrokinetic theory

TL;DR

This paper introduces higher-order polarization and magnetization effects in gyrokinetic theory by incorporating first-order background magnetic-field nonuniformity, confirming the consistency of the perturbation approach.

Contribution

It extends gyrokinetic theory to include higher-order effects, enhancing the accuracy of plasma modeling in nonuniform magnetic fields.

Findings

Higher-order polarization effects are derived.

Magnetization effects are incorporated.

Results confirm the perturbation analysis consistency.

Abstract

Higher-order guiding-center polarization and magnetization effects are introduced in gyrokinetic theory by keeping first-order terms in background magnetic-field nonuniformity. These results confirm the consistency of the two-step perturbation analysis used in modern gyrokinetic theory.