Delayed dynamic triggering of earthquakes: Evidences from a statistical model of seismicity

TL;DR

This paper investigates a statistical earthquake model incorporating aging to support the idea that seismic waves can remotely trigger earthquakes, showing delayed increased activity after small perturbations consistent with empirical observations.

Contribution

It demonstrates that a model with aging relaxation can reproduce delayed seismic triggering effects observed in real earthquakes.

Findings

Delayed seismic activity increases after perturbations

The number of delayed events exceeds immediate events by about twenty times

Aging relaxation is essential for delayed triggering effects

Abstract

I study a recently proposed statistical model of earthquake dynamics that incorporates aging as a fundamental ingredient. The model is known to generate earthquake sequences that quantitatively reproduce the spatial and temporal clustering of events observed in actual seismic patterns. The aim of the present work is to investigate if this model can give support to the empirical evidence that earthquakes can be triggered by transient small perturbations, particularly by the passing of seismic waves originated in events occurring in far geographical locations. The effect of seismic waves is incorporated into the model by assuming that they produce instantaneous small modifications in the dynamical state of the system at the time they are applied. This change in the dynamical state has two main effects. On one side, it induces earthquakes that occur right at the application of the perturbation. These are called immediate events. On the other side, after the application of the perturbation there is a delayed effect: the seismic activity increases abruptly after the perturbation, then falls down below the level of background activity, and eventually recovers to the background value. The time scale of these variations depends on the internal dynamics of the system, and is totally independent of the duration of the perturbation. The number of delayed events in excess of the background activity is typically observed to be around a factor of twenty larger than the number of immediate events. The origin of the enhanced activity period following the perturbation is associated to the existence of aging relaxation, and it does not occur if relaxation is absent. These findings give support to the experimental evidence that earthquake can be remotely triggered by small transient perturbations as those produced by seismic waves.