On critical collapse of gravitational waves

TL;DR

This paper investigates the critical behavior of axisymmetric gravitational wave collapse, revealing universal scaling laws and echoing phenomena near the black hole formation threshold through numerical simulations.

Contribution

It demonstrates universal power-law scaling and echoing patterns in gravitational wave collapse, independent of initial data and coordinate choices.

Findings

Curvature invariant reaches a maximum along rings near the axis.

Maximal curvature exhibits power-law scaling with exponent ~0.38.

Increasing echoes with nearly equal periods are observed near the threshold.

Abstract

An axisymmetric collapse of non-rotating gravitational waves is numerically investigated in the subcritical regime where no black holes form but where curvature attains a maximum and decreases, following the dispersion of the initial wave packet. We focus on a curvature invariant with dimensions of length, and find that near the threshold for black hole formation it reaches a maximum along concentric rings of finite radius around the axis. In this regime the maximal value of the invariant exhibits a power-law scaling with the approximate exponent 0.38, as a function of a parametric distance from the threshold. In addition, the variation of the curvature in the critical limit is accompanied by increasing amount of echos, with nearly equal temporal and spatial periods. The scaling and the echoing patterns, and the corresponding constants, are independent of the initial data and coordinate choices.