Compact object detection in self-lensing binary systems with a main-sequence star

TL;DR

This study assesses the potential for detecting compact objects in binary systems with main-sequence stars through gravitational lensing, emphasizing the importance of dense monitoring and high photometric accuracy in current microlensing surveys.

Contribution

It demonstrates that main-sequence stars are viable targets for self-lensing detection of compact objects, challenging previous assumptions and providing estimates for detection probabilities and survey capabilities.

Findings

Detection probability is around 3 x 10^-4 for edge-on binaries.

High-cadence monitoring every 15 minutes can detect signals every 6 months.

Improving photometric accuracy to 0.3% increases detection rates tenfold.

Abstract

Detecting compact objects by means of their gravitational lensing effect on an observed companion in a binary system has already been suggested almost four decades ago. However, these predictions were made even before the first observations of gravitational lensing, whereas nowadays gravitational microlensing surveys towards the Galactic bulge yield almost 1000 events per year where one star magnifies the light of a more distant one. With a specific view on those experiments, we therefore carry out simulations to assess the prospects for detection of the transient periodic magnification of the companion star, which lasts typically only a few hours binaries involving a main-sequence star. We find that detectability is given by the achievability of dense monitoring with the required photometric accuracy. In sharp contrast to earlier expectations by other authors, we find that main-sequence stars are not substantially less favourable targets to observe this effect than white dwarfs. The requirement of an almost edge-on orbit leads to a probability of the order of $3 \times 10^{-4}$ for spotting the signature of an existing compact object in a binary system with this technique. Assuming an abundance of such systems about 0.4 per cent, a high-cadence monitoring every 15~min with 5 per cent photometric accuracy would deliver a signal rate per target star of $\gamma \sim 4 \times 10^{-7}~\mbox{yr}^{-1}$ at a recurrence period of about 6 months. With microlensing surveys having demonstrated the capability to monitor about $2 \times 10^{8}$ stars, one is therefore provided with the chance to detect roughly semi-annually recurring self-lensing signals from several compact compacts in a binary system. If the photometric accuracy was pushed down to 0.3 per cent, 10 times as many signals would become detectable.