Computational Theory of a splitting BEC using a Generalized Wannier basis I: Theory and Statics

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel generalized Wannier basis method to analyze the behavior of a Bose-Einstein Condensate under a central barrier, revealing universal features of the superfluid to Mott insulator transition in the large particle number limit.

Contribution

The paper develops a new tractable method employing a generalized Wannier basis for large-N BEC splitting studies, capturing key features of phase transitions and matching with mean field theory.

Findings

Identifies a universal structure in the phase transition independent of particle number.

Shows only the generalized Wannier basis captures level crossing and symmetry emergence.

Provides an analytic description of the universal phase transition structure.

Abstract

We investigate the behavior of a Bose-Einstein Condensate (BEC) under the influence of a central barrier as the particle number trends towards the thermodynamic limit. In order to perform these studies, we present a novel method which is tractable in the large-$N$ limit. This method employs what may be considered to be a generalized Wannier basis, which successfully incorporates features of previous theoretical and computational assays to the splitting problem, including mean field effects, and has access to the dimensionality, trap parameters, and particle numbers relevant to recent experiments. At any barrier height we are able to discern between a two-mode state and a state which is described sufficiently by mean field theory and, further, give a criterion and technique for matching the two-mode theory to the zero-barrier state. We compare the basis used in this model to the de-localized basis functions underlying alternate models used in recent theoretical work on the double-well splitting problem and show that only the generalized Wannier basis displays the level crossing and emergence of two complex order parameters with overall $U(1) \oplus U(1)$ symmetry as expected from a large-$N$ analogue of the Superfluid to Mott insulator transition. Using this model, we identify a universal structure, independent of $N$, in this phase transition. We also present an analytic and model-independent description of this universal structure and discuss its consequences for realizing true two-mode physics with a BEC which trends towards the thermodynamic limit.