Rings and ideals parametrized by binary n-ic forms

TL;DR

This paper generalizes the classical parametrizations of quadratic and cubic rings by binary forms to all degrees n, identifying the algebraic structures associated with binary n-ic forms and establishing functorial correspondences.

Contribution

It precisely characterizes the algebraic structures parametrized by binary n-ic forms for all n, including rings and ideal classes, with geometric and functorial constructions.

Findings

Parametrization of rings isomorphic to Z^n by binary n-ic forms.

Identification of ideal classes associated with these rings.

Functorial correspondence between forms and algebraic data over any base scheme.

Abstract

The association of algebraic objects to forms has had many important applications in number theory. Gauss, over two centuries ago, studied quadratic rings and ideals associated to binary quadratic forms, and found that ideal classes of quadratic rings are exactly parametrized by equivalence classes of integral binary quadratic forms. Delone and Faddeev, in 1940, showed that cubic rings are parametrized by equivalence classes of integral binary cubic forms. Birch, Merriman, Nakagawa, Corso, Dvornicich, and Simon have all studied rings associated to binary forms of degree n for any n, but it has not previously been known which rings, and with what additional structure, are associated to binary forms. In this paper, we show exactly what algebraic structures are parametrized by binary n-ic forms, for all n. The algebraic data associated to an integral binary n-ic form includes a ring isomorphic to $\mathbb{Z}^n$ as a $\mathbb{Z}$-module, an ideal class for that ring, and a condition on the ring and ideal class that comes naturally from geometry. In fact, we prove these parametrizations when any base scheme replaces the integers, and show that the correspondences between forms and the algebraic data are functorial in the base scheme. We give geometric constructions of the rings and ideals from the forms that parametrize them and a simple construction of the form from an appropriate ring and ideal.