Short-term VHE variability in blazars: PKS 2155-304

TL;DR

This paper investigates the extreme TeV variability of blazar PKS 2155-304 during a 2006 flare, proposing a supermassive binary black hole model to explain rapid fluctuations and complex variability patterns.

Contribution

It introduces a binary black hole scenario to explain the rapid and multiplicative variability observed in PKS 2155-304, linking accretion fluctuations and jet dynamics.

Findings

Fluctuations in accretion rate can explain variability down to 10^{-2} Hz.

Jet curvature from orbital motion can influence observed variability.

Long-term periodicity analysis may reveal the nature of the central engine.

Abstract

Context: The $\gamma$-ray blazar PKS 2155-304 has attracted considerable attention because of its extreme TeV variability characteristics during an exceptional flaring period in 2006. Among the observed key findings are (i) a minimum variability timescale as short as $\sim 200$ sec and (ii) highly variable TeV emission, which in the frequency interval [$10^{-4}$ Hz, $10^{-2}$ Hz] can be described by a log-normal distribution and suggests an underlying multiplicative (and not additive) process. Aims: Simultaneously accounting for these findings appears difficult within conventional approaches. Following earlier suggestions for the TeV blazar Mkn 501, we explore a possible scenario where PKS 2155-304 is supposed to harbor a supermassive binary black hole system and where the observed TeV variability is dominated by emission from the less massive black hole. Methods: We analyze the constraints on the very high energy (VHE) source imposed by the observed variability characteristics and the integrated VHE luminosity output, and discuss its implications for a binary black hole system. Results: We show that for a secondary mass of $m_{\rm BH} \sim 10^7 M_{\odot}$, fluctuations in the disk accretion rate that feed the jet could account for the observed red-noise type variability process down to frequencies of $\sim 10^{-2}$ Hz. Jet curvature induced by orbital motion, on the other hand, could further relax constraints on the intrinsic jet speeds. Conclusions: Because a binary system can lead to different (yet not independent) periodicities in different energy bands, a longterm (quasi-) periodicity analysis could offer important insights into the real nature of the central engine of PKS~2155-304.