GALEX and Pan-STARRS1 Discovery of SN IIP 2010aq: The First Few Days After Shock Breakout in a Red Supergiant Star

TL;DR

This paper reports early UV and optical observations of SN 2010aq, a Type IIP supernova, capturing the shock breakout in a red supergiant star and deriving progenitor properties through detailed modeling.

Contribution

It presents the first detailed early UV/optical light curve of a Type IIP supernova shortly after shock breakout, enabling direct progenitor size estimation.

Findings

Detected SN 2010aq less than 1 day after shock breakout.

Measured a progenitor star radius of approximately 700 R_sun.

Identified UV excess likely due to lower metallicity progenitor.

Abstract

We present the early UV and optical light curve of Type IIP supernova (SN) 2010aq at z=0.0862, and compare it to analytical models for thermal emission following SN shock breakout in a red supergiant star. SN 2010aq was discovered in joint monitoring between the Galaxy Evolution Explorer (GALEX) Time Domain Survey (TDS) in the NUV and the Pan-STARRS1 Medium Deep Survey (PS1 MDS) in the g, r, i, and z bands. The GALEX and Pan-STARRS1 observations detect the SN less than 1 day after shock breakout, measure a diluted blackbody temperature of 31,000 +/- 6,000 K 1 day later, and follow the rise in the UV/optical light curve over the next 2 days caused by the expansion and cooling of the SN ejecta. The high signal-to-noise ratio of the simultaneous UV and optical photometry allows us to fit for a progenitor star radius of 700 +/- 200 R_sun, the size of a red supergiant star. An excess in UV emission two weeks after shock breakout compared to SNe well fitted by model atmosphere-code synthetic spectra with solar metallicity, is best explained by suppressed line blanketing due to a lower metallicity progenitor star in SN 2010aq. Continued monitoring of PS1 MDS fields by the GALEX TDS will increase the sample of early UV detections of Type II SNe by an order of magnitude, and probe the diversity of SN progenitor star properties.