Spectropolarimetric Signatures of Clumpy Supernova Ejecta

TL;DR

This paper introduces a semi-analytic model to simulate polarized line radiative transfer in 3-D clumpy supernova ejecta, explaining observed polarization features and aiding understanding of supernova explosion mechanisms.

Contribution

The authors develop a fast, flexible code to model polarization in inhomogeneous supernova ejecta, linking simulations to observational parameters and constraining 3-D structures.

Findings

Random clumpiness can produce observed line polarization levels (~1-2%).

Simulations generate Q-U loops similar to those observed in supernovae.

Model results can constrain supernova ejecta geometry and explosion physics.

Abstract

Polarization has been detected at early times for all types of supernova, indicating that such systems result from or quickly develop some form of asymmetry. In addition, the detection of strong line polarization in supernovae is suggestive of chemical inhomogeneities ("clumps") in the layers above the photosphere, which may reflect hydrodynamical instabilities during the explosion. We have developed a fast, flexible, approximate semi-analytic code for modeling polarized line radiative transfer within 3-D inhomogeneous rapidly-expanding atmospheres. Given a range of model parameters, the code generates random sets of clumps in the expanding ejecta and calculates the emergent line profile and Stokes parameters for each configuration. The ensemble of these configurations represents both the effects of various host geometries and of different viewing angles. We present results for the first part of our survey of model geometries, specifically the effects of the number and size of clumps (and the related effect of filling factor) on the emergent spectrum and Stokes parameters. Our simulations show that random clumpiness can produce line polarization in the range observed in SNe Ia (~1-2%), as well as the Q-U loops that are frequently seen in all SNe. We have also developed a method to connect the results of our simulations to robust observational parameters such as maximum polarization and polarized equivalent width in the line. Our models, in connection with spectropolarimetric observations, can constrain the 3-D structure of supernova ejecta and offer important insight into the SN explosion physics and the nature of their progenitor systems.