HST and VLT observations of the neutron star 1E 1207.4-5209

TL;DR

This study used HST and VLT observations to measure the proper motion and set limits on optical/infrared emission of neutron star 1E 1207.4-5209, ruling out optical counterpart association and accretion explanations for its properties.

Contribution

It provides the first proper motion limit and deepest optical/infrared emission constraints for 1E 1207.4-5209, clarifying its nature and ruling out accretion as a cause of thermal anisotropy.

Findings

Proper motion upper limit of 7 mas/yr at 3 sigma

Optical source is not associated with the neutron star

Accretion is ruled out as the cause of thermal anisotropy

Abstract

1E 1207.4-5209, the peculiar Central Compact object in the G296.5+10.0 supernova remnant, has been proposed to be an "anti-magnetar" - a young neutron star born with a weak dipole field. Accretion, possibly of supernova fallback material, has also been invoked to explain a large surface temperature anisotropy as well as the generation of peculiar cyclotron absorption features superimposed to its thermal spectrum. Interestingly enough, a faint optical/infrared source was proposed as a possible counterpart to 1E 1207.4-5209, but later questioned, based on coarse positional coincidence. Considering the large offset of 1E 1207.4-5209 with respect to the center of its host supernova remnant, the source should move at ~70 mas/yr. Thus, we tested the association by measuring the proper motion of the proposed optical counterpart. Using HST observations spanning 3.75 years, we computed a 3 sigma upper limit of 7 mas/yr. Absolute astrometry on the same HST data set also places the optical source significantly off the 99% confidence Chandra position. This allows us to safely rule out the association. Using the HST data set, coupled to ground-based observations collected at the ESO/VLT, we set the deepest limits ever obtained to the optical/infrared emission from 1E 1207.4-5209. By combining such limits to the constraints derived from X-ray timing, we rule out accretion as the source of the thermal anisotropy of the neutron star.