Quantum entanglement produced in the formation of a black hole

TL;DR

This paper investigates how quantum entanglement naturally arises during black hole formation, especially in low-frequency modes and small black holes, with implications for quantum information and potential experimental detection.

Contribution

It demonstrates the generation of entanglement in dynamical gravitational collapse and highlights the greater sensitivity of fermions compared to bosons in this process.

Findings

Entanglement can reach maximal levels for low frequencies or small black holes.

Fermions are more sensitive to entanglement generation than bosons.

Entanglement links Hawking radiation modes with those falling into the black hole.

Abstract

A field in the vacuum state, which is in principle separable, can evolve to an entangled state in a dynamical gravitational collapse. We will study, quantify, and discuss the origin of this entanglement, showing that it could even reach the maximal entanglement limit for low frequencies or very small black holes, with consequences in micro-black hole formation and the final stages of evaporating black holes. This entanglement provides quantum information resources between the modes in the asymptotic future (thermal Hawking radiation) and those which fall to the event horizon. We will also show that fermions are more sensitive than bosons to this quantum entanglement generation. This fact could be helpful in finding experimental evidence of the genuine quantum Hawking effect in analog models.