Relaxation of creep strain in paper

TL;DR

This study investigates the recovery of creep strain in paper, revealing a power-law relaxation behavior and spatial heterogeneity, with implications for understanding glassy, disordered systems.

Contribution

It provides the first detailed experimental analysis of creep recovery in paper, highlighting spatial heterogeneity and power-law relaxation in a disordered, quasi two-dimensional material.

Findings

Power-law type relaxation observed in paper recovery.

Significant sample-to-sample variation in recovery behavior.

Spatial fluctuations indicate collective effects in the relaxation process.

Abstract

In disordered, viscoelastic or viscoplastic materials a sample response exhibits a recovery phenomenon after the removal of a constant load or after creep. We study experimentally the recovery in paper, a quasi two-dimensional system with intrinsic structural disorder. The deformation is measured by using the digital image correlation (DIC) method. By the DIC we obtain accurate displacement data and the spatial fields of deformation and recovered strains. The averaged results are first compared to several heuristic models for in particular viscoelastic polymer materials. The most important experimental quantity is the permanent creep strain, and we analyze whether it is non-zero by fitting the empirical models of viscoelasticity. We then present in more detail the spatial recovery behavior results from DIC, and show that they indicate a power-law -type relaxation. We outline results on sample-to-sample variation and collective, spatial fluctuations in the recovery behaviour. An interpretation is provided of the relaxation in the general context of glassy, interacting systems with barriers.