A comparison of spectroscopic methods for detecting starlight scattered by transiting hot Jupiters, with application to Subaru data for HD 209458b and HD 189733b

TL;DR

This paper compares two spectroscopic methods for detecting starlight scattered by transiting hot Jupiters, introducing a new Fourier analysis approach that outperforms traditional methods in ideal conditions, and applies it to Subaru data for HD 209458b and HD 189733b.

Contribution

The paper presents a novel Fourier analysis method for measuring planetary albedo in transiting systems, demonstrating its advantages over existing techniques through simulations and real data application.

Findings

Fourier analysis method is more effective for typical observations of well-constrained transiting systems.

Unable to improve the upper limit of HD 209458b's planet-to-star flux with current data.

Measured a 1σ upper limit for HD 189733b's planet-to-star flux as <4.5×10⁻⁴ in the specified wavelength range.

Abstract

The measurement of the light scattered from extrasolar planets informs atmospheric and formation models. With the discovery of many hot Jupiter planets orbiting nearby stars, this motivates the development of robust methods of characterisation from follow up observations. In this paper we discuss two methods for determining the planetary albedo in transiting systems. First, the most widely used method for measuring the light scattered by hot Jupiters (Collier Cameron et al.) is investigated for application for typical echelle spectra of a transiting planet system, showing that detection requires high signal-to-noise ratio data of bright planets. Secondly a new Fourier analysis method is also presented, which is model-independent and utilises the benefits of the reduced number of unknown parameters in transiting systems. This approach involves solving for the planet and stellar spectra in Fourier space by least-squares. The sensitivities of the methods are determined via Monte Carlo simulations for a range of planet-to-star fluxes. We find the Fourier analysis method to be better suited to the ideal case of typical observations of a well constrained transiting system than the Collier Cameron et al. method. We apply the Fourier analysis method for extracting the light scattered by transiting hot Jupiters from high resolution spectra to echelle spectra of HD 209458 and HD 189733. Unfortunately we are unable to improve on the previous upper limit of the planet-to-star flux for HD 209458b set by space-based observations. A 1{\sigma}upper limit on the planet-to-star flux of HD 189733b is measured in the wavelength range of 558.83-599.56 nm yielding {\epsilon} < 4.5 \times 10-4. Improvement in the measurement of the upper limit of the planet-to-star flux of this system, with ground-based capabilities, requires data with a higher signal-to-noise ratio, and increased stability of the telescope.