SDWFS-MT-1: A Self-Obscured Luminous Supernova at z~0.2

TL;DR

This paper reports the discovery of a unique, long-lasting mid-infrared transient likely caused by a supernova embedded in dense circumstellar dust, revealing a new class of self-enshrouded luminous supernovae.

Contribution

It presents the first detailed observation of a self-obscured supernova in the mid-infrared, suggesting a significant fraction of luminous supernovae are hidden by dust.

Findings

Transient lasted six months in mid-infrared

Peak luminosity was M_[4.5]~-24.2 mag

Most plausible scenario is a supernova in dense circumstellar medium

Abstract

We report the discovery of a six-month-long mid-infrared transient, SDWFS-MT-1 (aka SN 2007va), in the Spitzer Deep, Wide-Field Survey of the NOAO Deep Wide-Field Survey Bootes field. The transient, located in a z=0.19 low luminosity (M_[4.5]~-18.6 mag, L/L_MilkyWay~0.01) metal-poor (12+log(O/H)~7.8) irregular galaxy, peaked at a mid-infrared absolute magnitude of M_[4.5]~-24.2 in the 4.5 micron Spitzer/IRAC band and emitted a total energy of at least 10^51 ergs. The optical emission was likely fainter than the mid-infrared, although our constraints on the optical emission are poor because the transient peaked when the source was "behind" the Sun. The Spitzer data are consistent with emission by a modified black body with a temperature of ~1350 K. We rule out a number of scenarios for the origin of the transient such as a Galactic star, AGN activity, GRB, tidal disruption of a star by a black hole and gravitational lensing. The most plausible scenario is a supernova exploding inside a massive, optically thick circumstellar medium, composed of multiple shells of previously ejected material. If the proposed scenario is correct, then a significant fraction (~10%) of the most luminous supernova may be self-enshrouded by dust not only before but also after the supernova occurs. The spectral energy distribution of the progenitor of such a supernova would be a slightly cooler version of eta Carina, peaking at 20-30 microns.