Deep Near-Infrared Imaging of the rho Oph Cloud Core: Clues to the Origin of the Lowest-Mass Brown Dwarfs

TL;DR

This study uses deep near-infrared and mid-infrared imaging to identify and analyze the lowest-mass brown dwarfs in the rho Oph cloud core, providing insights into their properties and formation mechanisms.

Contribution

It presents the first detailed identification and characterization of substellar objects down to ~750 K in rho Oph using combined 2MASS and Spitzer data, supporting the ejected embryo formation hypothesis.

Findings

Detection of objects with Teff down to ~750 K, indicating sub-Jupiter masses.

The mass function in rho Oph rises towards lower masses, similar to sigma Orionis.

A progressive blueward shift in color distribution suggests ejection of low-mass brown dwarfs.

Abstract

A search for young substellar objects in the rho Oph cloud core region has been made using the deep-integration Combined Calibration Scan images of the 2MASS extended mission in J, H and Ks bands, and Spitzer IRAC images at 3.6, 4.5, 5.8 and 8.0 microns. The field of view of the combined observations was 1 deg x 9.3 arcmin, and the 5 sigma limiting magnitude at J was 20.5. Comparison of the observed SEDs with the predictions of the COND and DUSTY models, for an assumed age of 1 Myr, supports the identification of many of the sources with brown dwarfs, and enables the estimation of effective temperature, Teff. The cluster members are then readily distinguishable from background stars by their locations on a plot of flux density versus Teff. The range of estimated Teff extends down to ~ 750 K, suggesting the presence of objects of sub-Jupiter mass. The results also suggest that the mass function for the rho Oph cloud resembles that of the sigma Orionis cluster based on a recent study, with both rising towards lower masses. The other main result from our study is the apparent presence of a progressive blueward skew in the distribution of J-H and H-Ks colors, such that the blue end of the range becomes increasingly bluer with increasing magnitude. We suggest that this behavior might be understood in terms of the 'ejected stellar embryo' hypothesis, whereby some of the lowest-mass brown dwarfs could escape to locations close to the front edge of the cloud, and thereby be seen with less extinction.