Multiple Major Outbursts from a Restless Luminous Blue Variable in NGC 3432

TL;DR

This study documents multiple major outbursts of a luminous blue variable in NGC 3432, revealing extreme variability, high wind velocities, and spectral features that suggest possible binary interaction or imminent core-collapse.

Contribution

It provides detailed photometric and spectroscopic analysis of an active LBV with unusual outburst frequency and wind velocities, highlighting potential links to binary systems or pre-supernova instability.

Findings

Multiple outbursts observed in 2008-2009, with peak magnitudes between -12.1 and -12.8.

Spectral lines show high wind velocities (1500-2800 km/s), similar to Wolf-Rayet stars.

Outbursts may be due to repeated ejection episodes or binary interaction.

Abstract

We present new photometric and spectroscopic observations of an unusual luminous blue variable (LBV) in NGC 3432, covering three major outbursts in October 2008, April 2009 and November 2009. Previously, this star experienced an outburst also in 2000 (known as SN 2000ch). During outbursts the star reached an absolute magnitude between -12.1 and -12.8. Its spectrum showed H, He I and Fe II lines with P-Cygni profiles during and soon after the eruptive phases, while only intermediate-width lines in pure emission (including He II 4686A were visible during quiescence. The fast-evolving light curve soon after the outbursts, the quasi-modulated light curve, the peak magnitude and the overall spectral properties are consistent with multiple episodes of variability of an extremely active LBV. However, the widths of the spectral lines indicate unusually high wind velocities (1500-2800 km/s), similar to those observed in Wolf-Rayet stars. Although modulated light curves are typical of LBVs during the S-Dor variability phase, the luminous maxima and the high frequency of outbursts are unexpected in S-Dor variables. Such extreme variability may be associated with repeated ejection episodes during a giant eruption of an LBV. Alternatively, it may be indicative of a high level of instability shortly preceding the core-collapse or due to interaction with a massive, binary companion. In this context, the variable in NGC 3432 shares some similarities with the famous stellar system HD 5980 in the Small Magellanic Cloud, which includes an erupting LBV and an early Wolf-Rayet star.