Does gravity operate between galaxies? Observational evidence re-examined

TL;DR

This paper re-analyzes supernova data assuming galaxies recede at constant velocities, suggesting no intergalactic gravity or dark energy, challenging the standard cosmological model.

Contribution

It proposes a simplified Doppler-based interpretation of redshifts that fits observations without requiring cosmic acceleration or dark energy.

Findings

Galaxies appear to recede at constant velocities

No significant intergalactic gravitational force detected

Dark energy may not be necessary to explain supernova data

Abstract

The redshifts and luminosities of Type 1A supernovae are conventionally fitted with the current paradigm, which holds that the galaxies are locally stationary in an expanding metric. The fit fails unless the expansion is accelerating; driven perhaps by "dark energy". Is the recession of the galaxies slowed down by gravity or speeded up by some repulsive force? To shed light on this question the redshifts and apparent magnitudes of type 1A supernovae are re-analysed in a cartesian frame of reference omitting gravitational effects. The redshift is ascribed to the relativistic Doppler effect which gives the recession velocity when the light was emitted; if this has not changed, the distance reached and the luminosity follow immediately. This simple concept fits the observations surprisingly well. It appears that the galaxies recede at unchanging velocities, so on the largest scale there is no significant intergalactic force. Reasons for the apparent absence of an intergalactic force are discussed. There is no gravity out there and no dark energy.