ZM theory V: Lorentz force equation and the vector potential

TL;DR

This paper derives the Lorentz force law within ZM theory by relating the direction of time to space, extending previous work from one to three spatial dimensions, and defining scalar and vector potentials.

Contribution

It introduces a derivation of the Lorentz force law in ZM theory considering three spatial dimensions without additional assumptions.

Findings

Lorentz force law derived from ZM theory principles.

Relationship between time direction and space used to connect momentum and energy.

Definitions of scalar and vector potentials within ZM framework.

Abstract

In ZM theory the direction of time has a non-zero projection onto space and this projection corresponds to the local velocity relative to the observer. Classical trajectories can be obtained by following the local direction of time. The relationship of time to space enables the change in momentum over time to be related to the spatial change in energy and momentum. Previously Hamilton's equations-of-motion were derived by considering trajectories in one space and one time dimensions. Here we consider three space and one time dimension. Without any other assumptions we derive the Lorentz force law of electromagnetism with relevant definitions of the scalar and vector potentials.