Statistical equilibrium equations for trace elements in stellar atmospheres

TL;DR

This paper discusses the detailed conditions and equations governing statistical equilibrium, local thermodynamic equilibrium, and thermodynamic equilibrium in stellar atmospheres, focusing on trace elements and their radiative and collisional rates.

Contribution

It provides a comprehensive derivation and presentation of the statistical equilibrium equations specifically tailored for trace elements in stellar atmospheres.

Findings

Derived equations for statistical equilibrium of trace elements

Clarified the role of radiative and collisional rates

Highlighted solution approaches for trace element modeling

Abstract

The conditions of thermodynamic equilibrium, local thermodynamic equilibrium, and statistical equilibrium are discussed in detail. The equations of statistical equilibrium and the supplementary equations are shown together with the expressions for radiative and collisional rates with the emphasize on the solution for trace elements.