A Natural Symmetrization for the Plummer Potential

TL;DR

This paper introduces a symmetrized extension of the Plummer potential for gravitational simulations, enabling efficient force calculations for particles with varying softening lengths while maintaining accuracy.

Contribution

The authors propose a new symmetric form of the softened gravitational potential that simplifies force calculations for systems with diverse softening lengths.

Findings

The new potential is symmetric and extends Newtonian gravity to five dimensions.

Using the averaged softening length reduces computational cost.

Numerical tests confirm the effectiveness of the proposed method.

Abstract

We propose a symmetrized form of the softened gravitational potential which is a natural extension of the Plummer potential. The gravitational potential at the position of particle i (x_i,y_i,z_i), induced by particle j at (x_j,y_j,z_j), is given by: phi_ij = -G m_j/|r_ij^2+e_i^2+e_j^2|^1/2, where G is the gravitational constant, m_j is the mass of particle j, r_ij = |(x_i-x_j)^2+(y_i-y_j)^2+(z_i-z_j)^2|^1/2 and e_i and e_j are the gravitational softening lengths of particles i and j, respectively. This form is formally an extension of the Newtonian potential to five dimensions. The derivative of this equation in the x,y, and z directions correspond to the gravitational accelerations in these directions and these are always symmetric between two particles. When one applies this potential to a group of particles with different softening lengths, as is the case with a tree code, an averaged gravitational softening length for the group can be used. We find that the most suitable averaged softening length for a group of particles is <e_j^2> = sum_j^N m_j e_j^2 / M, where M = sum_j^N m_j and N are the mass and number of all particles in the group, respectively. The leading error related to the softening length is O(sum_j r_j d(e_j^2)/r_ij^3), where r_j is the distance between particle j and the center of mass of the group and d(e_j^2) = e_j^2 - <e_j^2>. Using this averaged gravitational softening length with the tree method, one can use a single tree to evaluate the gravitational forces for a system of particles with a wide variety of gravitational softening lengths. Consequently, this will reduce the calculation cost of the gravitational force for such a system with different softenings without the need for complicated forms of softening. We present the result of simple numerical tests. We found that our modification of the Plummer potential works well.