Coherent Cherenkov radio pulses from hadronic showers up to EeV energies

TL;DR

This paper presents detailed simulations of Cherenkov radio pulses from high-energy hadronic showers in ice, providing new parameterizations and validating the models for energies up to 10 EeV.

Contribution

It introduces ZHAireS, a comprehensive Monte Carlo simulation combining multiple tools to accurately model radio emissions from hadronic showers in ice.

Findings

Radio pulse contribution from non-electron particles is below 1%.

Cherenkov spectra depend on shower energy and hadronic models.

Validated simulation results against established codes.

Abstract

The Cherenkov radio pulse emitted by hadronic showers in ice is calculated for showers of energies in the EeV range. This is obtained with three dimensional simulations of both shower development and the coherent radio pulse emitted as the excess charge develops in the shower. A Monte Carlo, ZHAireS, has been developed for this purpose combining the high energy hadronic interaction capabilities of AIRES, and the dense media propagation capabilities of TIERRAS, with the precise low energy tracking and specific algorithms developed to calculate the radio emission in ZHS. A thinning technique is implemented and optimized to allow the simulation of radio pulses induced by showers up to 10 EeV in ice. The code is validated comparing the results for electromagnetic and hadronic showers to those obtained with GEANT4 and ZHS codes. The contribution to the pulse of other shower particles in addition to electrons and positrons, mainly pions and muons, is found to be below 1%. The characteristics of hadronic showers and the corresponding Cherenkov frequency spectra are compared with those from purely electromagnetic showers. The dependence of the spectra on shower energy and high-energy hadronic model is addressed and parameterizations for the radio emission in hadronic showers in ice are given for practical applications.