The most massive objects in the Universe
Daniel E. Holz, Saul Perlmutter

TL;DR
This paper calculates the most massive galaxy cluster in the Universe, compares it with LambdaCDM predictions, and discusses implications for cosmology and future observations.
Contribution
It provides the first detailed estimate of the maximum mass of galaxy clusters and tests LambdaCDM predictions using observational data.
Findings
The most massive cluster has a mass of about 3.8e15 Msun at z=0.22.
Some observed clusters are consistent with LambdaCDM predictions.
XMMU J2235.3--2557 is roughly 3 sigma inconsistent with LambdaCDM.
Abstract
We calculate the most massive object in the Universe, finding it to be a cluster of galaxies with total mass M_200=3.8e15 Msun at z=0.22, with the 1 sigma marginalized regions being 3.3e15 Msun<M<4.4e15 Msun and 0.12<z<0.36. We restrict ourselves to self-gravitating bound objects, and base our results on halo mass functions derived from N-body simulations. Since we consider the very highest mass objects, the number of candidates is expected to be small, and therefore each candidate can be extensively observed and characterized. If objects are found with excessively large masses, or insufficient objects are found near the maximum expected mass, this would be a strong indication of the failure of LambdaCDM. The expected range of the highest masses is very sensitive to redshift, providing an additional evolutionary probe of LambdaCDM. We find that the three most massive clusters in the…
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