X-ray Polarimetry: a new window on the high energy sky

TL;DR

X-ray polarimetry, crucial for understanding high-energy astrophysical objects, has been limited by instrumentation but recent advances in detector technology now enable effective polarization measurements.

Contribution

The paper reports on the performance of a new imaging X-ray polarimeter based on photoelectric effect, enhancing capabilities for X-ray polarization measurements.

Findings

High sensitivity of the Gas Pixel Detector for polarization detection

Simultaneous imaging, moderate spectroscopy, and high-rate timing capabilities

Potential for future satellite missions to explore X-ray polarimetry

Abstract

Polarimetry is widely considered a powerful observational technique in X-ray astronomy, useful to enhance our understanding of the emission mechanisms, geometry and magnetic field arrangement of many compact objects. However, the lack of suitable sensitive instrumentation in the X-ray energy band has been the limiting factor for its development in the last three decades. Up to now, polarization measurements have been made exclusively with Bragg diffraction at 45 degrees or Compton scattering at 90 degrees and the only unambiguous detection of X-ray polarization has been obtained for one of the brightest object in the X-ray sky, the Crab Nebula. Only recently, with the development of a new class of high sensitivity imaging detectors, the possibility to exploit the photoemission process to measure the photon polarization has become a reality. We will report on the performance of an imaging X-ray polarimeter based on photoelectric effect. The device derives the polarization information from the track of the photoelectrons imaged by a finely subdivided Gas Pixel Detector. It has a great sensitivity even with telescopes of modest area and can perform simultaneously good imaging, moderate spectroscopy and high rate timing. Being truly 2D it is non-dispersive and does not require any rotation. This device is included in the scientific payload of many proposals of satellite mission which have the potential to unveil polarimetry also in X-rays in a few years.