A heuristic view about the evolution and species

TL;DR

This paper proposes a fuzzy set-based model of evolution that treats species as fuzzy sets within an uncountably infinite continuum, resolving the species problem by reconciling discrete entities with continuous evolution.

Contribution

It introduces a novel fuzzy set framework for defining species within an infinite evolutionary continuum, offering new theoretical and practical calculation methods.

Findings

Species modeled as fuzzy sets in an infinite continuum

Resolution of the species problem through fuzzy theory

New methods for calculating species boundaries

Abstract

The controversy concerning both the definition of the species and methods for inferring the boundaries and numbers of species has occupied biologists for centuries, and the debate itself has become known as the species problem. The modern theory of evolution depends on a fundamental redefinition of "species". Here we show that based on the model of evolutionary continuum combined with fuzzy theory that the evolution system is a uncountable infinite set and species is a fuzzy set, the contradiction between discrete biological entities and continuous evolution system is solved, i.e. when a species evolved, the individuals scattered in space but continuously distributed on time sequences. Moreover, the calculation methods for species are suggested both in theory and practice.