Gravitational Wave Signatures of Magnetohydrodynamically-Driven Core-Collapse Supernova Explosions

TL;DR

This study uses advanced 2D relativistic MHD simulations to analyze gravitational wave signatures from magnetohydrodynamically-driven core-collapse supernovae, revealing how magnetic fields and rotation influence GW signals.

Contribution

It introduces a comprehensive stress formula including magnetic and relativistic effects and systematically explores GW signatures across varied initial magnetic and rotational conditions.

Findings

Strong magnetic fields and rapid rotation lead to increasing GW amplitudes post-bounce.

Weaker magnetic fields result in near-zero GW amplitudes after bounce due to cancellation effects.

GW signals with increasing trends could be detectable for Galactic supernovae with next-generation detectors.

Abstract

By performing a series of two-dimensional, special relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) simulations, we study signatures of gravitational waves (GWs) in the magnetohydrodynamically-driven core-collapse supernovae. In order to extract the gravitational waveforms, we present a stress formula including contributions both from magnetic fields and special relativistic corrections. By changing the precollapse magnetic fields and initial angular momentum distributions parametrically, we compute twelve models. As for the microphysics, a realistic equation of state is employed and the neutrino cooling is taken into account via a multiflavor neutrino leakage scheme. With these computations, we find that the total GW amplitudes show a monotonic increase after bounce for models with a strong precollapse magnetic field ($10^{12}$G) also with a rapid rotation imposed. We show that this trend stems both from the kinetic contribution of MHD outflows with large radial velocities and also from the magnetic contribution dominated by the toroidal magnetic fields that predominantly trigger MHD explosions. For models with weaker initial magnetic fields, the total GW amplitudes after bounce stay almost zero, because the contribution from the magnetic fields cancels with the one from the hydrodynamic counterpart. These features can be clearly understood with a careful analysis on the explosion dynamics. We point out that the GW signals with the increasing trend, possibly visible to the next-generation detectors for a Galactic supernova, would be associated with MHD explosions with the explosion energies exceeding $10^{51}$ erg.