Sources of cosmic microwave radiation and dark matter identified: millimeter black holes (m.b.h.)

TL;DR

This paper proposes that millimeter-sized black holes account for both the cosmic microwave background radiation and dark matter, challenging standard cosmological explanations by linking black hole evaporation to observed phenomena.

Contribution

It introduces millimeter black holes as a unified source for CMBR and dark matter, providing an alternative to big-bang thermalization and modified gravity theories.

Findings

Millimeter black holes emit blackbody radiation at 2.7 K, matching CMBR.

Partial evaporation of these black holes explains the constant photon background.

Total mass of millimeter black holes accounts for dark matter in the universe.

Abstract

The universe is filled with blackbody millimeter radiation (CMBR), temperature 2.7{\deg} Kelvin[1]. Big-bang cosmology explains this by the initial thermalization of photons scattered by electrons[2]. This explanation requires ad hoc previous existence of photons and thermal electrons. On the other hand most of the mass of the universe is unknown dark matter3. It explains anomalous dynamical properties, like that of stars in galaxies[4,5,6] . Alternatively the anomalies have been explained by adjusting and modifying well known laws ("Modified Newtonian dynamics"[7]). Here we show that millimeter black holes (m.b.h.) explain both: the background radiation, by its partial "evaporation", and the dark matter. Black holes emit blackbody radiation (Hawking[8] evaporation), and this is what is observed in the CMBR. Millimeter size black holes emit blackbody radiation at a temperature of 2.7{\deg} Kelvin, and this is the resulting CMBR . Partial evaporation of ~10^30 m.b.h. gives the observed background field of photons being emitted and absorbed at the same rate by the m.b.h. The number of photons is constant, as observed. Their temperature decreases with time because the mass of the m.b.h. (and therefore its size) increases with time (the mass-boom effect[9]). The total mass of the m.b.h. is the dark matter. Hence dark matter is not so "dark" after all. Two important cosmological items are here identified by only one source: millimeter black holes.