Is BL Lacertae an "orphan" AGN? Multiband and spectroscopic constraints on the parent population

TL;DR

This study investigates the properties of BL Lacertae, focusing on its broad emission lines, black hole mass estimates, and its relation to other AGN classes, suggesting it may be in a transient evolutionary stage.

Contribution

It provides new spectroscopic measurements of BL Lacertae's emission lines, compares different black hole mass estimates, and explores its potential parent population among AGN classes.

Findings

Broad Ha line increased by ~50% over ten years.

Black hole mass estimated at 4-6 x 10^8 solar masses.

BL Lac's properties are consistent with a transient AGN stage.

Abstract

We have analysed optical spectra of BL Lacertae, the prototype of its class, to verify the presence and possible flux variations of its broad Ha line. We used the spectroscopic information also to investigate the question of its parent population. Four spectra were acquired at the TNG in 2007-2008, when the source was in a relatively faint state. In three cases we were able to measure the broad Ha and several narrow emission lines. A comparison with previous results suggests that the broad Ha has increased by ~50% in ten years, a change not unusual for Broad Lined AGN. We estimated a black hole mass for BL Lac of 4-6 10^8 solar masses from its relation with the bulge luminosity. The virial mass estimated from the spectroscopic data is instead 20-30 times smaller. We suggest that this discrepancy is due to the BL Lac BLR being underluminous. Finally, we addressed the problem of the BL Lac parent population, comparing its isotropic quantities with those of other AGN classes. From the point of view of the narrow emission line spectrum, the source locates close to low-excitation radio galaxies. When also considering its diffuse radio power, an association with FRI radio galaxies is severely questioned due to the lower radio luminosity (at give line luminosity) of BL Lac. The narrow line and radio luminosities of BL Lac instead match those of a sample of miniature radio galaxies, which however do not show a BLR. Yet, if existing, "misaligned BL Lac" objects should have entered that sample. We also rule out the possibility that they have been excluded because of a QSO optical appearance. The observational constraints suggest that BL Lac is caught in a short term transient stage, which does not leave a detectable evolutionary "trace" in the AGN population. We speculate on a scenario that can account for the observed properties. [ABRIDGED]