A gravitational lensing explanation for the excess of strong Mg-II absorbers in GRB afterglow spectra

TL;DR

This paper proposes that gravitational lensing by galaxies can explain the observed excess of strong Mg-II absorbers in GRB afterglow spectra, suggesting lensing significantly influences observed absorption statistics and GRB luminosity functions.

Contribution

It introduces a gravitational lensing model that accounts for the Mg-II absorber excess in GRB spectra, predicting a high fraction of multiply imaged GRBs and guiding future observational strategies.

Findings

Lensing can explain the Mg-II absorber excess in GRB sight-lines.

Approximately 20%-60% of GRB afterglows may be multiply imaged.

Optical monitoring could identify lensed GRB afterglows.

Abstract

GRB afterglows offer a probe of the intergalactic medium out to high redshift which complements observations along more abundant quasar lines-of-sight. Although both quasars and GRB afterglows should provide a-priori random sight-lines through the intervening IGM, it has been observed that strong Mg-II absorbers are twice as likely to be found along sight-lines toward GRBs. Several proposals to reconcile this discrepancy have been put forward, but none has been found sufficient to explain the magnitude of the effect. In this paper we estimate the effect of gravitational lensing by galaxies and their surrounding mass distributions on the statistics of Mg-II absorption. We find that the multi-band magnification bias could be very strong in the spectroscopic GRB afterglow population and that gravitational lensing can explain the discrepancy in density of absorbers, for plausibly steep luminosity functions. The model makes the prediction that approximately 20%-60% of the spectroscopic afterglow sample (i.e. ~ 5-15 of 26 sources) would have been multiply imaged, and hence result in repeating bursts. We show that despite this large lensing fraction it is likely that none would yet have been identified by chance owing to the finite sky coverage of GRB searches. We predict that continued optical monitoring of the bright GRB afterglow locations in the months and years following the initial decay would lead to identification of lensed GRB afterglows. A confirmation of the lensing hypothesis would allow us to constrain the GRB luminosity function down to otherwise inaccessibly faint levels, with potential consequences for GRB models.