High-frequency-peaked BL Lacertae objects as spectral candles to measure the Extragalactic Background Light in the Fermi and air Cherenkov telescopes era

TL;DR

This paper introduces a novel method to measure the Extragalactic Background Light by combining multi-wavelength observations of BL Lac objects with spectral modeling to infer EBL attenuation effects.

Contribution

It proposes a new approach using simultaneous optical to gamma-ray data and spectral modeling to directly estimate the EBL photon density from observed gamma-ray attenuation.

Findings

Method successfully applied to PKS 2155-304 data

Provides constraints on EBL photon density

Enhances accuracy of EBL measurements using multi-frequency observations

Abstract

The Extragalactic Background Light (EBL) is the integrated light from all the stars that have ever formed, and spans the IR-UV range. The interaction of very-high-energy (VHE: E>100 GeV) gamma-rays, emitted by sources located at cosmological distances, with the intervening EBL results in electron-positron pair production that leads to energy-dependent attenuation of the observed VHE flux. This introduces a fundamental ambiguity in the interpretation of measured VHE gamma-ray spectra: neither the intrinsic spectrum, nor the EBL, are separately known -- only their combination is. In this paper we propose a method to measure the EBL photon number density. It relies on using simultaneous observations of BL Lac objects in the optical, X-ray, high-energy (HE: E>100 MeV) gamma-ray (from the Fermi telescope), and VHE gamma-ray (from Cherenkov telescopes) bands. For each source, the method involves best-fitting the spectral energy distribution (SED) from optical through HE gamma-rays (the latter being largely unaffected by EBL attenuation as long as z<1) with a Synchrotron Self-Compton (SSC) model. We extrapolate such best-fitting models into the VHE regime, and assume they represent the BL Lacs' intrinsic emission. Contrasting measured versus intrinsic emission leads to a determination of the photon-photon opacity to VHE photons. Using, for each given source, different states of emission will only improve the accuracy of the proposed method. We demonstrate this method using recent simultaneous multi-frequency observations of the high-frequency-peaked BL Lac object PKS 2155-304 and discuss how similar observations can more accurately probe the EBL.