Estimations of total mass and energy of the universe

TL;DR

This paper estimates the universe's total mass and energy using Newtonian gravity and dimensional analysis, finding that gravitational and kinetic energies nearly balance, suggesting a total energy close to zero.

Contribution

It introduces a model-independent estimation of the universe's total mass and energy based on Newtonian physics and dimensional analysis, excluding dark energy effects.

Findings

Total mass close to M ~ c^3/(GH)

Total kinetic energy mainly from cosmological expansion

Total mechanical energy approximately zero

Abstract

The recent astronomical observations indicate that the expanding universe is homogeneous, isotropic and asymptotically flat. The Euclidean geometry of the universe enables to determine the total gravitational and kinetic energy of the universe by Newtonian gravity in a flat space. By dimensional analysis, we have found the mass of the universe close to the Hoyle-Carvalho formula M ~ c^3/(GH). This value is independent from the cosmological model and infers a size (radius) of the universe close to Hubble distance. It has been shown that almost the entire kinetic energy of the universe ensues from the cosmological expansion. Both, the total gravitational and kinetic energies of the universe have been determined in relation to an observer at an arbitrary location. The relativistic calculations for total kinetic energy have been made and the dark energy has been excluded from calculations. The total mechanical energy of the universe has been found close to zero, which is a remarkable result. This result supports the conjecture that the gravitational energy of the universe is approximately balanced with its kinetic energy of the expansion.