Rossby Wave Instability and three-dimensional vortices in accretion disks

TL;DR

This paper presents the first fully three-dimensional simulation of a strong vortex in an accretion disk caused by Rossby Wave Instability, revealing complex behaviors with potential astrophysical significance.

Contribution

It introduces the first 3D simulation demonstrating a strong, saturated vortex in a stratified accretion disk due to Rossby Wave Instability, expanding previous 2D findings.

Findings

Confirmed growth and saturation of a strong vortex in 3D.

Discovered unexpected behaviors in the third dimension.

Validated previous 2D analytic and numerical expectations.

Abstract

Context. The formation of vortices in accretion disks is of high interest in various astrophysical contexts, in particular for planet formation or in the disks of compact objects. But despite numerous attempts it has thus far not been possible to produce strong vortices in fully three-dimensional simulations of disks. Aims. The aim of this paper is to present the first 3D simulation of a strong vortex, established across the vertically stratified structure of a disk by the Rossby Wave Instability. Methods. Using the Versatile Advection Code (VAC), we set up a fully 3D cylindrical stratified disk potentially prone to the Rossby Wave Instability. Results. The simulation confirms the basic expectations obtained from previous 2D analytic and numerical works. The simulation exhibits a strong vortex that grows rapidly and saturates at a finite amplitude. On the other hand the third dimension shows unexpected additional behaviours that could be of strong importance in the astrophysical roles that such vortices can play.