The population of OB supergiants in the starburst cluster Westerlund 1

TL;DR

This study uses spectroscopy to classify and analyze over 50 OB supergiants in Westerlund 1, providing insights into their evolution, cluster properties, and supporting a star formation burst over 5 million years ago.

Contribution

The paper develops spectral classification criteria for early-type stars in the GAIA spectral region and applies them to classify OB supergiants in Westerlund 1, linking observations with evolutionary models.

Findings

Over 50 OB supergiants identified and classified.

Spectral types consistent with a single star formation burst.

Cluster age estimated at >5 million years with variable extinction.

Abstract

After leaving the main sequence, massive stars undergo complex evolution, still poorly understood. With a population of 100s OB stars, the starburst cluster Westerlund~1 offers an unparallelled environment to study their evolutionary tracks. We used the VLT/FORS2 to obtain intermediate-resolution spectroscopy over the range 5800-9000A of ~ 100 likely members. We developed criteria for their spectral classification using only spectral features in the range observed. We discuss these criteria, useful for spectral classification of early-type stars in the GAIA spectral region, in the appendix. Using these criteria, we obtain spectral classifications, probably accurate to one subtype, for 57 objects, most of which had no previous classification or a generic classification. We identify more than 50 objects as OB supergiants. We find almost 30 luminous early-B supergiants and a number of less luminous late-O supergiants. In addition, we find a few mid B supergiants with very high luminosity, some of them displaying signs of heavy mass loss. All these stars form a sequence compatible with theoretical evolutionary tracks. In addition, two early B supergiants also show indication of heavy mass loss and may represent the evolutionary phase immediately prior to the Wolf-Rayet stage. We investigate cluster properties using the spectral types and existing photometry. We find that the reddening law to the cluster does not deviate strongly from standard, even though extinction is quite variable, with an average value A_v=10.8. Though evolutionary tracks for high-mass stars are subject to large uncertainties, our data support an age of >~5Myr and a distance ~5kpc for Westerlund 1. The spectral types observed are compatible with a single burst of star formation (the age range is very unlikely to be >1Myr).[ABRIDGED]