The $SO(3)\times SO(3)\times U(1)$ Hubbard model on a square lattice in terms of $c$ and $\alpha\nu$ fermions and deconfined $\eta$-spinons and spinons

TL;DR

This paper introduces a new framework for describing the energy eigenstates of the Hubbard model on a square lattice using occupancy configurations of charge and spin/eta-spin fermions, revealing the model's underlying symmetries.

Contribution

It develops a complete set of states based on occupancy configurations of $c$ fermions, spinons, and $ u$-spinon/eta-spinon fermions, elucidating the model's $SO(3) imes SO(3) imes U(1)$ symmetry.

Findings

Defines composite $ u$-fermions from spinons and $eta$-spinons.

Identifies invariant spinons and $eta$-spinons under the transformation.

Connects configurations to the model's global symmetry.

Abstract

In this paper a description of the energy eingenstates of the Hubbard model on the square lattice with nearest-neighbor transfer integral $t$, on-site repulsion $U$, and $N_a^2\gg 1$ sites in terms of occupancy configurations of charge $c$ fermions, spin-1/2 spinons, and $\eta$-spin-1/2 $\eta$-spinons is introduced. Such objects emerge from a suitable electron - rotated-electron unitary transformation. In chromodynamics the quarks have color but all quark-composite physical particles are color-neutral. Within our description the $\eta$-spinon (and spinons) that are not invariant under the electron - rotated-electron unitary transformation have $\eta$ spin 1/2 (and spin 1/2) but are part of $\eta$-spin-neutral (and spin-neutral) $2\nu$-$\eta$-spinon (and $2\nu$-spinon) composite $\eta\nu$ fermions (and $s\nu$ fermions). Here $\nu=1,2,...$ is the number of $\eta$-spinon (and spinon) pairs. In turn, a well-defined number of independent spinons and independent $\eta$-spinons are invariant under the electron - rotated-electron unitary transformation. Simple occupancy configurations of (i) the $c$ fermions, (ii) independent spinons and $2\nu$-spinon composite $s\nu$ fermions, and (iii) independent $\eta$-spinons and $2\nu$-$\eta$-spinon composite $\eta\nu$ fermions generate an useful complete set of states. The configurations (i), (ii), and (iii) correspond to the state representations of the U(1), spin SU(2), and $\eta$-spin SU(2) symmetries, respectively, associated with the model $SO(3)\times SO(3)\times U(1) =[SU(2)\times SU(2)\times U(1)]/Z_2^2$ global symmetry.