Arbitrated quantum signature schemes without using entangled states

TL;DR

This paper introduces two new arbitrated quantum signature schemes that do not rely on entangled states, improving efficiency, security, and implementation simplicity over existing entanglement-based schemes.

Contribution

The paper presents the first entanglement-free arbitrated quantum signature schemes, including a novel scheme with a public board to prevent repudiation and enhance security.

Findings

The new schemes avoid using entangled states in signing and verifying phases.

The second scheme ensures the signature's integrity cannot be disavowed by the receiver.

The proposed schemes improve transmission efficiency and reduce implementation complexity.

Abstract

A digital signature is a mathematical scheme for demonstrating the authenticity of a digital message or document. For signing quantum messages, some arbitrated quantum signature schemes have being proposed. However, in the existing literature, arbitrated quantum signature schemes depend on entanglement. In this paper, we present two arbitrated quantum signature schemes without utilizing entangled states in the signing phase and the verifying phase. The first proposed scheme can preserve the merits in the existing schemes. Then, we point out, in this scheme and the prior schemes, there exists a problem that Bob can repudiate the integrality of the signatures. To conquer this problem, we construct another arbitrated quantum signature scheme without using quantum entangled states but using a public board. The new scheme has three advantages: it does not utilize entangled states while it can preserve all merits in the existing schemes; the integrality of the signature can avoid being disavowed by the receiver; and, it provides a higher efficiency in transmission and reduces the complexity of implementation. Furthermore, we present a technique such that the quantum message can keep secret to the arbitrator in a arbitrated quantum signature scheme.