New definite integrals and a two-term dilogarithm identity

TL;DR

This paper introduces a hyperbolic change of variables to evaluate complex integrals related to the Basel problem and derives a new two-term dilogarithm identity, expanding the analytical tools for special functions and integrals.

Contribution

It presents a novel hyperbolic change of variables that yields exact solutions for specific integrals and introduces a new two-term dilogarithm identity, extending previous methods involving trigonometric transformations.

Findings

Exact closed-form expressions for integrals involving inverse hyperbolic functions.

A new two-term dilogarithm identity derived from the integrals.

Extension of integral evaluation techniques using hyperbolic substitutions.

Abstract

Among the several proofs known for $\sum_{n=1}^\infty{1/n^2} = {\pi^2/6}$, the one by Beukers, Calabi, and Kolk involves the evaluation of $\,\int_0^1 {\int_0^1{1/(1-x^2 y^2) \, dx} \, dy}$. It starts by showing that this double integral is equivalent to $\frac34 \sum_{n=1}^\infty{1/n^2}$, and then a non-trivial \emph{trigonometric} change of variables is applied which transforms that integral into $\,{\int \int}_T \: 1 \; du \, dv$, where $T$ is a triangular domain whose area is simply ${\pi^2/8}$. Here in this note, I introduce a hyperbolic version of this change of variables and, by applying it to the above integral, I find exact closed-form expressions for $\int_0^\infty{[\sinh^{-1}{(\cosh{u})}-u] d u}$, $\,\int_{\alpha}^\infty{[u-\cosh^{-1}{(\sinh{u})}] d u}$, and $\,\int_{\,\alpha/2}^\infty{\ln{(\tanh{u})} \: d u}$, where $\alpha = \sinh^{-1}(1)$. From the latter integral, I also derive a two-term dilogarithm identity.